How typically, on common, do you overlook to take your day by day meds?
For me, it’s about twice per week. And that’s for one thing as low-stakes as a vitamin D complement. It’s not the top of the world if I’m a little bit poor. However with regards to HIV prevention, lacking a dose of your prescribed day by day prevention capsules may imply the distinction between safety and a brand new an infection.
A brand new drug referred to as lenacapavir may fully change the sport, although.
Proper now, our most generally used device to stave off HIV — which killed an estimated 630,000 folks final 12 months — is thru prevention capsules, referred to as pre-exposure prophylaxis. PrEP works extraordinarily nicely and has prevented thousands and thousands of HIV infections within the 13 years it’s been round. However the catch is that the capsules have to be taken each single day. In a lot of the International South, having constant entry to it stays an enormous hurdle, on high of points with adherence and stigma.
That’s the explanation why, by 2023, solely about 6 million folks worldwide have been on PrEP, a fraction of the tens of thousands and thousands who may gain advantage. Annually, one other 1.3 million folks nonetheless purchase HIV.
However a discreet shot taken simply twice a 12 months, like lenacapavir, removes forgetfulness — and a few stigma — out of the equation. For a discipline the place breakthroughs have been uncommon, lenacapavir has virtually vaccine-like efficacy (regardless that it’s not one). In medical trials, the drug confirmed one hundred pc safety in girls and roughly 96 p.c in males, transgender, and nonbinary folks. These are the sort of numbers policymakers can’t ignore.
The US Meals and Drug Administration authorized it in June, the World Well being Group endorsed it in July, and the European Union adopted in August. The Trump administration — which grounded its lifesaving world well being work to a near-complete cease eleven months in the past — lately made lenacapavir the middle of its “America First” world well being technique.
For as soon as, science (and its notoriously gradual forms) shouldn’t be the holdup. Lenacapavir went from US approval to pictures in African clinics in only a few months, and the primary shipments have already arrived in Eswatini and Zambia. “We’ve got by no means seen a well being expertise enter low- and middle-income markets with this velocity,” Mitchell Warren from the advocacy group AVAC informed me.
However the rollout is now being wielded as a political device. What that “America First” slogan really means for world well being is beginning to come into focus. Simply days in the past, the State Division introduced it is not going to provide South Africa — the nation with the world’s highest HIV burden — with any of the US-funded lenacapavir doses.
Who will get this breakthrough drug first is beginning to look much less like a query of the place HIV is worst and extra like a query of who’s within the administration’s good books.
4 a long time in the past, an HIV an infection was a near-death sentence. However since then, we’ve marched towards progress — making higher medicine with less complicated regimens and widening entry.
However even in any case that work, we nonetheless don’t have a remedy or a real vaccine. That’s why an innovation like lenacapavir feels notable.
For years, HIV medicine focused the virus’s enzymes, and it wasn’t apparent that concentrating on the rest would work. Then, within the Nineteen Nineties, researchers backed by the Nationwide Institutes of Well being started finding out how the virus builds its cone-shaped shell, referred to as the capsid. Most scientists dismissed it as “undruggable” — a easy protein construction with no apparent place for a medication to stay.
However a small band of virologists thought in another way. They spent years looking for a molecule that would jam the capsid’s formation. After numerous lifeless ends, that hunch paid off. The work led to lenacapavir, the primary drug to efficiently assault the virus’s shell and block a number of steps in its life cycle.
“This drug is extraordinary — the closest factor to a vaccine that now we have.”
— Dr. Megan Ranney, DEAN OF THE Yale College of Public Well being
In a landmark medical trial that started in 2021 and enrolled greater than 2,000 teen women and younger girls from South Africa and Uganda, nobody who acquired lenacapavir contracted HIV. The impact was so placing that, in June 2024, an unbiased security board informed researchers to finish the trial’s blinded section early — persevering with would’ve meant withholding an clearly efficient drug from some members.
“It will’ve been unethical to not,” mentioned Linda-Gail Bekker, an infectious illness doctor on the College of Cape City and one of many trial’s lead investigators.
These numbers are actually spectacular, however lenacapavir’s efficacy as an injectable is one other plus. In a lot of sub-Saharan Africa, the place HIV burden is among the many heaviest, injectable contraception is already essentially the most broadly used type of contraception. For many individuals, injections are extra discreet and sensible than taking a day by day capsule. “It’s a really acknowledged idea. … Injections are a really enticing choice,” Bekker mentioned. That familiarity may very well be the distinction between a prevention device that works in idea, and one folks really use.
As lenacapavir emerged from late-stage trials, with outcomes displaying near-perfect safety, the world took discover. In 2024, the editors of Science, the distinguished scientific journal, named lenacapavir their breakthrough of the 12 months. “This drug is extraordinary — the closest factor to a vaccine that now we have,” mentioned Dr. Megan Ranney, the dean of the Yale College of Public Well being and one of many Science editors.
A twice-yearly shot that may almost eradicate new infections needs to be the stuff of celebration. Lenacapavir may mark the start of the top of HIV.
However, as at all times in public well being, the science is simply half the story.
A breakthrough solely issues if it will get off the shelf and reaches the individuals who want it most. And in a lot of the world, that is dependent upon policymakers.
Since 2003, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Aid, or PEPFAR, has been an important, world lever for HIV therapy entry. Launched underneath George W. Bush, PEPFAR has delivered lifesaving HIV therapy to poor nations and has helped save greater than 25 million lives over its 22-year historical past. This system is funded by the US Congress, which renews its authority and funds — each of which might get caught up in politics.
When President Donald Trump returned to workplace in January, he ordered a broad freeze on US international support, throwing PEPFAR into limbo. Grants have been halted, drug shipments stalled, and USAID — this system’s major implementer — was dismantled virtually in a single day, stoking fears that the world’s most profitable HIV program was about to be killed off.
Then, in September, the administration introduced its plans to revive PEPFAR and roll out the breakthrough drug lenacapavir by way of it. The concept was simple: The US would purchase an enormous chunk of the early provide from Gilead and ship these doses to “high-burden” nations, with a particular give attention to stopping infants from getting HIV from their moms. It seemed like a uncommon piece of excellent information.
However, on November 20, Jeremy Lewin, the State Division official in control of PEPFAR, informed reporters that “US-funded doses is not going to be going to South Africa,” regardless of it having the largest HIV burden of any nation — about 8 million folks reside with HIV, or roughly one in 5 adults.
The administration hasn’t provided any public clarification as to why. However to individuals who observe US-South Africa relations, the subtext is evident. Trump has repeatedly clashed with South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa, together with a tense White Home assembly the place he accused South Africa of “white genocide” and unlawful land seizures. The administration issued an govt order primarily calling South Africa a racist state, slashed different types of support, expelled its US ambassador, and blasted the federal government for taking Israel to the Worldwide Court docket of Justice over alleged genocide in Gaza. “That geopolitical pushback by the Trump administration towards South Africa has now principally made its approach right into a public well being technique,” mentioned Fatima Hassan, a human rights lawyer who heads Well being Justice Initiative in Cape City, South Africa.
She mentioned that lenacapavir has change into a sort of diplomatic carrot — and stick. Pleasant, compliant governments, like Eswatini, have acquired early shipments, whereas South Africa or Nigeria — nations which have fallen out of favor with Trump — appear to have acquired the brief finish of the stick.
With the Trump administration’s block, South Africa is being lower off from one of many two faucets of lenacapavir: the US-funded provide that flows by way of PEPFAR. The opposite faucet, the International Fund, remains to be open; a spokesperson there mentioned South Africa’s first cargo ought to land in February 2006. In 2026, Gilead expects to make 600,000 doses, roughly half of which can be purchased by the US and half by the International Fund. Washington has merely determined that none of its half will go to South Africa.
Even with out the chokehold, the provision wasn’t sufficient. South African modellers estimate the nation would wish about 2 million folks a 12 months on lenacapavir to bend the curve of latest infections, far past what the early rollout can assist.
Contained in the nations that do get doses, the battle is over who counts as “excessive precedence.” The administration says it can prioritize delivering lenacapavir to pregnant and breastfeeding folks in eight to 12 yet-to-be-announced nations as a part of Trump’s push to finish mother-to-child transmission of HIV by the top of his time period. On paper, that’s a tidy purpose — two injections can shield each mom and child by way of being pregnant and nursing — however advocates say that alternative isn’t rooted in science.
In sub-Saharan Africa, younger girls, broadly, account for almost all of latest infections, and elsewhere, it’s homosexual and bisexual males, trans folks, intercourse staff, and individuals who use medicine — those that have been disproportionately contaminated and died within the early a long time of the HIV epidemic. Now, channeling the brand new drug solely by way of maternal well being applications dangers leaving these communities out but once more.“Prioritizing pregnant and breastfeeding folks is ideological, not scientific,” mentioned Asia Russell of HealthGAP, a New York Metropolis-based AIDS advocacy group. “They’re a really, very small fraction of these in danger.” In sub-Saharan Africa, pregnant and breastfeeding folks face actual danger — a couple of out of each hundred contract HIV every year — however they’re nonetheless a small slice of a bigger epidemic that’s largely pushed by younger girls and queer males.
State Division official Jeremy Lewin additionally made their philosophy clear through the administration’s announcement. “There aren’t any NGOs concerned on this — none of these type of beltway bandits right here,” he mentioned, referring to the help teams which have historically applied US-funded HIV applications. (It’s a loaded time period and a deceptive one, provided that oversight our bodies haven’t uncovered corruption at scale.) “It’s going to be the nations [who are] liable for distributing it by way of their nationwide healthcare methods.”
Which will sound environment friendly in Washington, but it surely’s extra difficult on the bottom.
That’s as a result of HIV isn’t like cholera or the flu — one thing you may beat with a one-size-fits-all marketing campaign. It impacts some teams greater than others and carries deep stigma, as a result of it’s tied to intercourse, sexuality, and drug use, all of that are moralized in lots of societies. And in additional than 60 nations, the state is the very establishment that enforces, even criminalizes, that stigma.
Bekker, who runs an HIV analysis heart in South Africa, mentioned that even in locations with out formal bans, public clinics can really feel hostile to sexual and gender minorities. “The outcome,” she mentioned, “is that folks simply don’t present up.” PEPFAR’s personal historical past exhibits that prevention works greatest when community-led teams resembling LGBTQ+ clinics or drop-in facilities are included within the response. These are the areas that attain teams neglected by official methods. Ending toddler infections is essential, mentioned Jirair Ratevosian, a former senior PEPFAR advisor, however so is supporting community- and faith-based clinics “the place folks really really feel secure.”
Apart from the Trump administration (and all its political theater), there’s another key participant: Gilead Sciences, the California-based firm that developed lenacapavir.
In September, Gilead made two large guarantees. First, it agreed to promote lenacapavir to PEPFAR at “no revenue,” for the preliminary rollout, though it’s unclear what that truly means. Second — and extra importantly — it signed licensing offers with six generic producers, sharing its expertise so these corporations can begin getting ready to make cheaper variations.
Usually, drug corporations fiercely guard new medicines underneath patents for 20 years, throughout which period they alone could make and promote the medicine — and solely nations that may afford the listing worth get entry. As soon as these patents expire, generics can enter the market and drive prices down.
By making these licensing offers, Gilead is attempting to shorten that wait time so, if all goes to plan, poorer nations may get lenacapavir in only a few years as a substitute of a long time later.
The licensing deal permits generics to be offered in 120 low- and lower-middle-income nations, masking many of the world’s poorest nations. As soon as these variations hit the market, they’ll price a fraction of Gilead’s price ticket — which within the US is $28,128 a 12 months per affected person, although few folks pay that sticker worth.
However the deal leaves out many upper-middle-income nations resembling Brazil or Argentina, the place infections have been rising. These nations fall right into a grey zone — too wealthy for reasonable generics, too poor to afford Gilead’s costs.
For Gilead, a for-profit firm, sharing its drug system with generic makers may sound beneficiant, but it surely’s not as simple because it appears. The licenses “carve the world into low-value markets the place generics can function [where Gilead won’t be making money anyway], and worthwhile ones the place Gilead retains its grip,” mentioned Tahir Amin, an intellectual-property lawyer and co-founder of Initiative for Medicines, Entry, and Data, a nonprofit that advocates for patent reform.
In the meantime, main philanthropists — the Gates Basis, Unitaid, Clinton Well being Entry Initiative, and Wits RHI — are doing their half to assist generics attain the market quicker. They’re backing two Indian generic producers with funding and technical assist to assist scale manufacturing in order that low-cost variations of the drug can be found by 2027. If that works, it might price simply $40 per individual per 12 months — roughly what day by day oral PrEP prices in the present day.
If that occurs — that’s if we’re capable of make cheaper generics quicker, roll them out equitably, and ship them the place folks really feel secure — lenacapavir may make an actual dent within the HIV epidemic.
Breakthrough science doesn’t assure a breakthrough in public well being. That may rely upon the political decisions we’re making now.
Replace, November 21, 2025, 3:45 pm ET: This story was initially revealed on October 14 and has been up to date with new reporting after the Trump administration introduced it might not distribute Lenacapavir to South Africa.
